Political economic social technological environmental and legal analysis Free Essays

string(56) twelvemonth and rivalry in this area is intense. The province of Pakistan is one which is extremely unpredictable in footings of political stableness. The present specialists is a vote based system which was chosen into parliament in February 2008, after its prima political individual Benazir Bhutto was killed in December 2007. The last specialists was going by Mr. We will compose a custom article test on Political monetary social innovative ecological and lawful examination or on the other hand any comparative theme just for you Request Now Pervez Musharraf who surrendered as head of armed force staff and leader of Pakistan, accordingly stoping the military guideline in Pakistan which kept going around 8 mature ages. The present specialists has been in power for 3 mature ages now and is required to remain until the 2013 decisions. Truly, the managerial agencies of the specialists have been noted to be amazingly degenerate and uneffective which has non changed with the new vote based specialists. One of the major political factors in Pakistan is the go oning war on alarm. Since the time the September 11 surges on the World exchange place New York, Pakistan has been going up against fear monger act issues. Somewhere in the range of 2002 and 2010, Pakistan has acquired a whole expense of 43 billion dollars. The figure of psychological oppressor assaults since 2002 whole 8,141 occurrences acquiring whole setbacks of 8,875 with in excess of 20,000 harmed. This has made negative advancement of Pakistan the planetary universe and has influenced Pakistan from multiple points of view. These include: Harm to base, for example, streets and railways Loss of Foreign investings Preoccupation of spending plans to support this war on alarm Loss of the previously breaking down touristry industry Loss of lives of the individuals of Pakistan each piece great as outsiders ( Economic Survey of Pakistan 2009-2010 ) Any single or association sing puting in Pakistan will hold to gauge the advantages versus the perils of puting in such a shaky world of politics. Unilever and a figure of transnational organizations need to cover with the perils of such an antagonistic domain. The higher danger prompts reluctant assault on convey oning significant investings on bettering concern possibilities or growing new concern possibilities. Carrying of tea through Afghan Transit Trade Agreement The ATTA ( Afghan Transit Trade Agreement ) was marked in 1965. This comprehension was for the advancement of Afghanistan however this gave opportunities to pirate focuses under it, for example, Surs and dark tea. ( Tea knowledge direct: Kenya looks for reductionaë†â ¦.. , Tribune: Govt. overlooks tea smugglingaë†â ¦.. ) Afghan individuals ( 25 million ) are generally green tea consumers ( everyday occasions: proposition to exemptaë†â ¦.. ) But it imports dark tea more than its one-year ingestion and this tea is so sold in Pakistani market before it arrives at Afghanistan. This misbehavior is non only doing mischief to national treasury, through lost pay, yet next to the legitimate shippers of tea, of which 1 is Unilever Pakistan. In 2007-08: lawful imports were 103,230,355kg while unlawful imports were 68,001,625kg In 2008-09: lawful imports were 102,021,150kg while unlawful imports were 90,991,848kg In 2009-10: lawful imports were 88,627,724kg while unlawful imports were 93,089,436kg ( everyday occasions: proposition to exemptaë†â ¦.. ) Over the three monetary mature ages, legitimate tea imports are lessening while snuck tea is expanding. In 2009-2010, it is seen that the level of contraband tea has outperformed the lawful imports. The situation has compounded in light of the fact that the specialists, on the other hand of taking any striking stairss to end this abuse of comprehension, it has farther expanded its income upgrades and obligations on imports. Deterioration of rupee against dollar and expanding input costs has farther heightened the activity for lawful merchants like Unilever. Legitimate shippers need to pay 33.7 % income improvement ( 10 % imposts obligation, 17 % net incomes income upgrade, 5 % previously salary income improvement and 1 % Particular Excise Duty ) while cost to sprinters is approx. 16.7 % ( everyday occasions: proposition to exemptaë†â ¦ . ) In 2009, The Pakistan Tea Association ( PTA ) and the Federation of the Pakistan Chambers of Commerce and Industry ( FPCCI ) proposed that tea ought to be expelled from ATT list. Afterward, in 2010, PTA has suggested cut bringing down general gross incomes income improvement to 7.5 % and diminishing utilization obligation to kill the instigation for sneaking. Unilever shaper of two of the most commended tea exchange names of Pakistan I-e Lipton and Brook Bond. It has shut its Lipton works at Karachi in 2008 in light of the fresh lessening in drinks segment. Different issues to see Another issue is the imitation stocks accessible in the market. This is doing tasks for bonafide members like Unilever. At the point when the CEO of Unilever Global, Paul Polman, visited the Pakistan advertise, he had comparative remarks. Orchestrating to South Asiatic insight agency, 2010, â€Å" On the subject of phony stocks found in the state he said he would wish the specialists to make substantially more to control this extremely risky example. Unilever stocks like Supreme Tea, Rafhan custard, Fair and Lovely pick and Sunsilk cleanser are among the most to suffer from this example. â€Å" Counterfeit in Food stocks can be extremely dangerous, † said Polman. † The specialists of Pakistan is non taking any severe stairss to hinder this example. The Pakistan vitality emergency has been in being for a long clasp now, yet due to the ever expanding populace and interest for more vitality, the Pakistan specialists presently can't seem to connect the spread between vitality flexibly and request. This situation has declined in the most recent mature ages taking to solid force slices to businesses taking to vacation. Unilever Pakistan ‘s exchange name Walls Ice pick has other than been influenced by this situation at its ice pick factory. Different businesses have returned to self-electrical coevals to run into their vitality requests ; Unilever Pakistan may require to see this choice each piece great. In add-on to ordinary import obligation, 25 % regulative duty was forced in 2008 on numerous focuses, including clothing cleanser, to advance nearby contributing and creation. Be that as it may, this regulative obligation on cleanser was expelled in the financial plan of 2009-10 which contrarily affected the grosss of nearby enterprises as an outcome of expanded imports. The clothing cleanser division is turning at a pace of 10 % per twelvemonth and rivalry in this part is exceptional. You read Political monetary social innovative natural and legitimate investigation in class Exposition models Unilever is taking in an incentive through its exchange name SURF after getting market partition from P A ; G ‘s ARIEL. While Colgate Palmolive is taking it in volume through its exchange name BONUS. ( everyday occasions: cleanser pummeling industry requests.. ) Financial Nearby contributing makes occupations adds to monetary framework FDI above issue can be connected Riches inventive movement, poverty decline The financial arrangement of Pakistan, despite the fact that going up against numerous difficulties, is consistently turning. Total national output ( GDP ) has been turning consistently, despite the fact that in 2008-2009, it saw the most reduced leeway in history because of numerous components portrayed underneath. The purchaser money related worth list, for example rising costs has arrived at double figures in the last 3 budgetary mature ages because of the planetary outcome of exchange great financial qualities, in addition to other things. Pay per capita has been expanding at a mean pace of 16 % in rupee footings and at a mean pace of 9 % in USD footings. The monetary arrangement of Pakistan in the twelvemonth 2007-2008 confronted army challenges, non simply from residential issues, however next to the global impacts brought about by the planetary financial emergency. Because of the planetary monetary downswing looked by the USA and Europe states, Pakistan ‘s sends out were influenced with lower interest for its boss valued fare: textures, in the USA. Also, the surging expenses of supplement and oil fiscal qualities and other exchange merchandise the in planetary market caused the high degrees of rising costs that hit the monetary framework in 2008. Combined with the household issues of political insecurity, most extreme force shortfalls and disturbing security condition, the Pakistan financial framework confronted a few difficulties. In 2008-2009, Pakistan saw its most reduced GDP developing, with only a 1.2 % expansion in GDP for the twelvemonth. This twelvemonth was shaken by political uncertainness, because of the new majority rule specialists, after 8 mature ages of military guideline by the old president. Be that as it may, the decay planetary monetary emergency other than caused a major reduction in the fares of Pakistan. Pakistani Rupee is decaying in esteem, in 2008-2009 trade rates bounced from 60 PKR/USD to 78 PKR/USD. This alongside the shortage of power and high rising costs in Pakistan were the high spots of lower GDP. Another main consideration is the go oning war on alarm in the northwest innate pieces of Pakistan. The combined effect on Pakistan, of this war on alarm, has been $ 43 billion for the mature ages 2005-2010. This war makes horrendous difficulties the monetary arrangement of Pakistan, including lower GDP developing, diminished remote direct investings, loss of occupations, and non to advert, the amusement of assets to support the war on alarm. In 2009-2010, the monetary arrangement of Pakistan settled with a GDP developing of 4.1 % Although Pakistan despite everything faces army issues, for example, the offense of the war on frenzy, vitality and H2O shortages, and the inside security situation ; it despite everything has recuperated because of turning fares and lower rising costs as contrasted and front mature ages. Pakistan other than got an advance from the IMF which it has used to build up its outside civilian armies and

Minorities and Policing Essay Example For Students

Minorities and Policing Essay Minorities and Policing1Minorities and Policing:Unfairly TreatedDorothy J. FellsCriminal Justice 131C. ThompsonDecember 6, 2001Minorities and Policing2Minorities and Policing:Unfairly TreatedIf we take a gander at the past, we can see that there is no warm convention of network participation between the African-American people group and law requirement. Minorities and Policing is a significant theme since it manages issues relating to how minorities are treated by the police. Racial profiling and social bad form are significant zones when managing out of line treatment of minorities. 1.How minorities feel about police2.Employing minorities3.Unfair treatment of minorities inside the legitimate systemThis audit of the data on minorities and policing centers around these three issues. How Minorities Feel About Police According to Dr. Carl S. Taylor, the connection between minority gatherings and police in the United States has generally been stressed. A few urban areas have a profound and severe history of inclination and partiality interlaced in their past connections. The inclination in numerous networks today is that the framework pits law authorization as a possessing armed force versus the area. Dr. Taylor expounded on facilitating pressures among police and minorities, however expressed If there is any uplifting news in the present circumstance, it is that the historical backdrop of this strain has discovered the 1990s ready for change. There is extensive proof that minorities and police are not in concession to numerous issues, and the fault is being moved from all gatherings included. The police feel that they are reasonable in their treatment of minorities, yet the proof in many occasion demonstrate something else. At the point when we see articles on the captures of minorities versus whites, you will see a variety in how different nationalities are dealt with. When perusing the paper, you will see the photo of a minority with past criminal history and different issues laid out. This to me is done to paint an image that shows the charged is now known for disregarding the law. Utilizing MinoritiesRacial polarization in our significant urban areas has regularly given the police a role as the oppressors, and a few urban communities have a terrible custom of recruiting untouchables and barely any minorities, which has powered further hatred toward the police. Verifiably, connections among minorities and police have n ot been the best, and numerous minorities see police as the oppressor.

5 Science Fiction and Fantasy Magazines You Should Be Reading

5 Science Fiction and Fantasy Magazines You Should Be Reading Amazing Stories cover, 1972 For almost as long as they have existed, science fiction and fantasy  have provided  much more than sweeping novels and grandiose story arcs (as wonderful as those are). Short stories, art, poetry, and more from these genres are plentiful and remarkable, if you know where to look. For years, science fiction and fantasy magazines have provided readers with a wealth of work that falls outside the novel format.  The old  science fiction and fantasy magazines whose over-the-top covers and bizarre ads we often chuckle at  were  some of  the first to publish names like Heinlein, Asminov, and Butler. Today,  some of the best new writers are being published in science fiction and fantasy magazines, which  take chances on women, authors of color, and genre  innovators who have more trouble breaking into large-scale publishing.  The best part about this content, though, might just be how easy it is to access. Try these five science fiction and fantasy magazines to take your reading to the next level. On Spec Quarterly, $14.99 Started by the oldest Sci-fi and Fantasy writers group in Canada, On Spec has been publishing new and exciting Canadian talent  for years, including the artists who create their covers. The subscription price is a steal, and while free is always great,  this money helps them pay well for the content they use.  Digital and physical subscriptions are both available. Shimmer cover, 2017 Shimmer  Bi-Monthly, Free (+)   Shimmer is a physical and digital magazine  focused on fantasy (though they do publish some exceptional sci-fi).  Shimmer  is impressive in its focused approach, pursuing a roster of creators who come from all walks of life and produce works that are as unusual as they are excellent. Most  creative pieces they publish are available free online and a subscription gets you access to thoughtful  interviews and editorials. (BONUS: Profits from their shop are currently being donated to the Southern Poverty Law Center.) Try It: Fallow  by Ashley Blooms Strange Horizons Weekly, Free Strange Horizons is a weekly online publication thats been around for quite awhile, and has plenty of awards under its belt. They publish everything from  short stories and poetry to essays and reviews, as long as it falls under speculative fiction. As a non-profit funded entirely through donations and grants,  Strange Horizons provides their entire archive at no cost. Most content is also available in audio format via their podcasts. Try It:  The Last Refuge by  Eduardo Goligorsky (Also available in its original Spanish.) Samovar Quarterly, Free Samovar is a new quarterly project  produced as part of  Strange Horizons to showcase translated science fiction and fantasy writing. Only the first issue is out  so far, but it  has set the bar high for the future. The inaugural issue has stories originally published in Finnish, Pashto, Chinese, and Hebrew. All content is available in its original language, too, which is just freaking cool. Try It: Wither and Blossom by Suvi Kauppila Uncanny cover, 2016 Uncanny Bi-Monthly, Free (+)  Uncanny is a leader in the field of science fiction and fantasy magazines, with an ever growing list of awards to boast of. Of special note is their non-fiction, which is just as moving and beautiful as any fiction or poetry. This subscription is the priciest on the list at $23.88, but they pay their creators well and offer the entirety of the magazine for free online a few weeks after subscribers get it. This is definitely a magazine to watch if you want to get a jump on  the next big names in science fiction and fantasy. Try It:  City of Villains: Why I Don’t Trust Batman  by Sarah Gailey Save Save

Pre K Level Daycare Class - 1322 Words

General Information On October 4 and October 6, I observed a Pre-k level daycare class. On the 4th I observed from 8:00 to 10:00 in the morning and on the 6th, from 9:00 to 10:30 in the morning. Staff On the day I observed there were a total of fifteen students, ten girls and five boys. In the classroom there were three adults supervising the children, two teachers and a student teacher. The ratio of children to adults was 7:1. Activities Class started and children were already playing with toys. After a while, the teacher told them to clean and put everything back to where it belonged. It was snack time and children were divided into small groups of four. They all sat on the table and waited impatiently for their food. They were given a healthy combination of white and yellow cheese with apples cut into small pieces. Before eating, every child waited for everyone to get served. When everyone was served all of them prayed together and then ate. After they were finished, they got up of their seats and went straight to the trashcan to throw their garbage. They had to wait for everyone to finish their snacks for the m to go sit down at the reading section. When everyone finished, they went and sat down with two of the teachers while the other one was cleaning a mess. Seconds later the director cameShow MoreRelatedAssignment 1: Training and Development in Small Business1880 Words   |  8 PagesSwinney Training and Development November 14, 2014 Development in in Small Business Daycare centers are used most often by working parents, single mom’s and dad’s and sometimes stay at home parents who want some time to themselves a couple days a week. It’s a great alternative if you don’t have relatives that are available to watch your children that are not old enough to go to elementary school. Daycare centers should provide the emotional and social needs for babies that are crucial duringRead MoreEssay On Early Infant And Toddlers1451 Words   |  6 PagesMassachusetts study estimates a possible cost difference of 13 percent when increasing center quality (Marshall et al., 2004). This brings us to almost $40,000 per year. To scale up the number of children served, more teachers would need to be hired to keep class sizes small and quality maintained. If we want services to be equally available to the 2,800 children under the age of five in North Lawndale from low-income families, we should prepare to cover the costs of as many of the se children as possible. TheRead MoreEarly Childhood Education For Children From Low Income Households Essay1493 Words   |  6 Pagesthrough preschool age group. Early Childhood Education creates a significant difference in a child development and learning abilities. There is a variety of avenues one can explore for their child’s pre-education. 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INTRODUCTION †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.3 Genesis Purpose and Methods Significance Operational Definitions Research Questions 2. LITERATURE REVIEW..........................................................................7 3. METHODOLOGY..............................................................Read MoreThe Importance Of Pre Kindergarten Education Within Students Suffering From Poverty2156 Words   |  9 PagesPaper looks at the importance of pre-kindergarten education within students suffering from poverty. The goal is to show the effectiveness of early prevention to prevent intervention in higher grades. Students living in poverty are at-risk of retention or later dropping out. 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The child’s parents were never married and broke up shortly after theRead MoreEarly Childhood Education : Children s Understanding And Development Essay826 Words   |  4 PagesEarly childhood education typically pertains to the education of children who range in age from babies to kindergarten age. This does not start and end inside the class room. Early childhood training is debatably the most crucial phase of educational development as it is from this cornerstone that future development and learning happen. High quality programs need to incorporate teaching in reading capabilities, motor skills, vocabulary and communication abilities. This will create substantial benefitsRead MoreMy Decision For Enter Education Happened Essay929 Words   |  4 PagesPhilosophy My decision to enter education happened while we lived in Okinawa, Japan for four years. My daughter (3 yrs. Old at the time) got into Sure Start Program. 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Gambling on the Game Losing to Win (or not) - 1156 Words

The 1919 fix of the World Series by the Chicago White Sox against the Cincinnati Reds was one of the most infamous events in the history of American sport. Though it was not the first (nor was it likely the last) fix in the game’s history, it had a far greater negative impact on the game’s perception throughout America than any other preceding or proceeding fix. Americans were forced to come to grips that their game—America’s game—was flawed, and that its reputation had been compromised by a few people chasing the almighty dollar. As Eliot Asinof said in a 1988 interview and as he portrayed in his Eight Men Out, however, the eight players who came together to throw the series were not out to ruin the game they loved. It was not that†¦show more content†¦More than any other single outside force, he was the reason his players put their careers on the line. With his star players in their primes, at the height of their earning power, Commy stil l justified paying his best players about half of what other owners paid their top guys. Even players on teams in the league cellar were making comparable sums. When his team won the pennant in 1917, for which he had promised them a bonus, he gave them a case of champagne, and when Eddie Cicotte neared thirty victories for the season, for which he would have been due a $10,000, Comiskey sat him down to ensure he did not reach the figure. The movie represented these as occurrences from the 1919 season (and also represented the champagne as flat), and even though that was inaccurate, it still got across the point that Comiskey was unwilling to spend money to keep his pennant-winning team happy. Thus, when the opportunity came for the ballplayers nearly to double or even triple their salaries, they took advantage, especially after nearly striking for better pay in mid-season (another aspect the movie glossed over). The gamblers swooped in and did what they always did by taking advanta ge of others, manipulating their situation for profit. Even though these eight ballplayers were in error, their motivations for fixing the World Series were clear, and in some ways, quite logical. Ultimately, in a tragic twist of fate, theShow MoreRelatedWhat A Stealth Gambling System1163 Words   |  5 Pagesis to ask what a stealth gambling system is. This refers to winning money in a casino without drawing too much attention to yourself. I first began developing an approach to casino gambling after many losing trips to Las Vegas from my home in California. In fact, I don t remember having a single winning trip. 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Water Pollution Is the Contamination of Water Bodies Free Essays

Water pollution is the contamination of water bodies (e. g. lakes, rivers, oceans and groundwater). We will write a custom essay sample on Water Pollution Is the Contamination of Water Bodies or any similar topic only for you Order Now Water pollution affects plants and organisms living in these bodies of water; and, in almost all cases the effect is damaging not only to individual species and populations, but also to the natural biological communities. Water pollution occurs when pollutants are discharged directly or indirectly into water bodies without adequate treatment to remove harmful compounds.Millions depend on the polluted Ganges river. Water pollution is a major problem in the global context. It has been suggested that it is the leading worldwide cause of deaths and diseases,[1][2] and that it accounts for the deaths of more than 14,000 people daily. [2] An estimated 700 million Indians have no access to a proper toilet, and 1,000 Indian children die of diarrheal sickness every day. 3] Some 90% of China’s cities suffer from some degree of water pollution,[4] and nearly 500 million people lack access to safe drinking water. [5] In addition to the acute problems of water pollution in developing countries, industrialized countries continue to struggle with pollution problems as well. In the most recent national report on water quality in the United States, 45 percent of assessed stream miles, 47 percent of assessed lake acres, and 32 percent of assessed bay and estuarine square miles were classified as polluted. 6] Water is typically referred to as polluted when it is impaired by anthropogenic contaminants and either does not support a human use, like serving as drinking water, and/or undergoes a marked shift in its ability to support its constituent biotic communities, such as fish. Natural phenomena such as volcanoes, algae blooms, storms, and earthquakes also cause major changes in water quality and the ecological status of water. [edit]Water pollution categories Surface water and groundwater have often been studied and managed as separate resources, although they are interrelated. 7] Sources of surface water pollution are generally grouped into two categories based on their origin. [edit] Point source pollution Point source pollution – Shipyard  œ Rio de Janeiro. Point source pollution refers to contaminants that enter a waterway through a discrete conveyance, such as a pipe or ditch. Examples of sources in this category include discharges from a sewage treatment plant, a factory, or a city storm drain. The U. S. Clean Water Act (CWA) defines point source for regulatory enforcement purposes. 8] The CWA definition of point source was amended in 1987 to include municipal storm sewer systems, as well as industrial stormwater, such as from construction sites. [9] [edit] Non–point source pollution Non–point source (NPS) pollution refers to diffuse contamination that does not originate from a single discrete source. NPS pollution is often the cumulative effect of small amounts of contaminants gathered from a large area. The leaching out of nitrogen compounds from agricultural land which has been fertilized is a typical example.Nutrient runoff in stormwater from â€Å"sheet flow† over an agricultural field or a forest are also cited as examples of NPS pollution. Contaminated storm water washed off of parking lots, roads and highways, called urban runoff, is sometimes included under the category of NPS pollution. However, this runoff is typically channeled into storm drain systems and discharged through pipes to local surface waters, and is a point source. However where such water is not channeled and drains directly to ground it is a non-point source. [edit] Groundwater pollution See also: Hydrogeology Interactions between groundwater and surface water are complex.Consequently, groundwater pollution, sometimes referred to as groundwater contamination, is not as easily classified as surface water pollution. [7] By its very nature, groundwater aquifers are susceptible to contamination from sources that may not directly affect surface water bodies, and the distinction of point vs. non-point source may be irrelevant. A spill or ongoing releases of chemical or radionuclide contaminants into soil (located away from a surface water body) may not create point source or non-point source pollution, but can contaminate the aquifer below, defined as a toxin plume.The movement of the plume, a plume front, can be part of a Hydrological transport model or Groundwater model. Analysis of groundwater contamination may focus on the soil characteristics and site geology, hydrogeology, hydrology, and the nature of the contaminants. [edit] Causes of water pollution The specific contaminants leading to pollution in water include a wide spectrum of chemicals, pathogens, and physical or sensory changes such as elevated temperature and discoloration. While many of the chemicals and substances that are regulate d may be naturally occurring (calcium, sodium, ron, manganese, etc. ) the concentration is often the key in determining what is a natural component of water, and what is a contaminant. Oxygen-depleting substances may be natural materials, such as plant matter (e. g. leaves and grass) as well as man-made chemicals. Other natural and anthropogenic substances may cause turbidity (cloudiness) which blocks light and disrupts plant growth, and clogs the gills of some fish species. [10] Many of the chemical substances are toxic. Pathogens can produce waterborne diseases in either human or animal hosts. 11] Alteration of water’s physical chemistry includes acidity (change in pH), electrical conductivity, temperature, and eutrophication. Eutrophication is an increase in the concentration of chemical nutrients in an ecosystem to an extent that increases in the primary productivity of the ecosystem. Depending on the degree of eutrophication, subsequent negative environmental effects such as anoxia (oxygen depletion) and severe reductions in water quality may occur, affecting fish and other animal populations. [edit] Pathogens A manhole cover unable to contain a sanitary sewer overflow.Coliform bacteria are a commonly used bacterial indicator of water pollution, although not an actual cause of disease. Other microorganisms sometimes found in surface waters which have caused human health problems include: †¢Burkholderia pseudomallei †¢Cryptosporidium parvum †¢Giardia lamblia †¢Salmonella †¢Novovirus and other viruses †¢Parasitic worms (helminths). [1 2][13] High levels of pathogens may result from inadequately treated sewage discharges. [14] This can be caused by a sewage plant designed with less than secondary treatment (more typical in less-developed countries).In developed countries, older cities with aging infrastructure may have leaky sewage collection systems (pipes, pumps, valves), which can cause sanitary sewer overflows. Some cities also have combined sewers, which may discharge untreated sewage during rain storms. [15] Pathogen discharges may also be caused by poorly managed livestock operations. [edit] Chemical and other contaminants Muddy river polluted by sediment. Photo courtesy of United States Geological Survey. Contaminants may include organic and inorganic substances. Organic water pollutants include: †¢Detergents †¢Disinfection by-products found in chemically disinfected drinking water, such as chloroform †¢Food processing waste, which can include oxygen-demanding substances, fats and grease †¢Insecticides and herbicides, a huge range of organohalides and other chemical compounds †¢Petroleum hydrocarbons, including fuels (gasoline, diesel fuel, jet fuels, and fuel oil) and lubricants (motor oil), and fuel combustion byproducts, from stormwater runoff[16] †¢Tree and bush debris from logging operations Volatile organic compounds (VOCs), such as industrial solvents, from improper storage. Chlorinated solvents, which are dense non-aqueous phase liquids (DNAPLs), may fall to the bottom of reservoirs, since they don’t mix well with water and are denser. †¢Various chemical compounds found in personal hygiene and cosmetic products Inorganic water pollutants include:†¢Acidity caused by industrial discharges ( especially sulfur dioxide from power plants) †¢Ammonia from food processing waste †¢Chemical waste as industrial by-products Fertilizers containing nutrients–nitrates and phosphates–which are found in stormwater runoff from agriculture, as well as commercial and residential use[16] †¢Heavy metals from motor vehicles (via urban stormwater runoff)[16][17] and acid mine drainage †¢Silt (sediment) in runoff from construction sites, logging, slash and burn practices or land clearing sites Macroscopic pollution—large visible items polluting the water—may be termed â€Å"floatables† in an urban stormwater context, or marine debris when found on the open seas, and can include such items as: †¢Trash (e. . paper, plastic, or food waste) discarded by people on the ground, and that are washed by rainfall into storm drains and eventually discharged into surface waters †¢Nurdles, small ubiquitous waterborne plastic pellets †¢Sh ipwrecks, large derelict ships Potrero Generating Station discharges heated water into San Francisco Bay. [18] [edit] Thermal pollution Main article: Thermal pollution Thermal pollution is the rise or fall in the temperature of a natural body of water caused by human influence.A common cause of thermal pollution is the use of water as a coolant by power plants and industrial manufacturers. Elevated water temperatures decreases oxygen levels (which can kill fish) and affects ecosystem composition, such as invasion by new thermophilic species. Urban runoff may also elevate temperature in surface waters. Thermal pollution can also be caused by the release of very cold water from the base of reservoirs into warmer rivers. [edit] Transport and chemical reactions of water pollutants See also: Marine pollution Most water pollutants are eventually carried by rivers into the oceans.In some areas of the world the influence can be traced hundred miles from the mouth by studies using hydrology transport models. Advanced computer models such as SWMM or the DSSAM Model have been used in many locations worldwide to examine the fate of pollutants in aquatic systems. Indicator filter feeding species such as copepods have also been used to study pollutant fates in the New York Bight, for example. The highest toxin loads are not directly at the mouth of the Hudson River, but 100 kilometers south, since several days are required for incorporation into planktonic tissue.The Hudson discharge flows south along the coast due to coriolis force. Further south then are areas of oxygen depletion, caused by chemicals using up oxygen and by algae blooms, caused by excess nutrients from algal cell death and decomposition. Fish and shellfish kills have been reported, because toxins climb the food chain after small fish consume copepods, then large fish eat smaller fish, etc. Each successive step up the food chain causes a stepwise concentration of pollutants such as heavy metals (e. g. mercury) and persistent organic pollutants such as DDT. This is known as biomagnification, which is occasionally used interchangeably with bioaccumulation. A polluted river draining an abandoned copper mine on Anglesey Large gyres (vortexes) in the oceans trap floating plastic debris. The North Pacific Gyre for example has collected the so-called â€Å"Great Pacific Garbage Patch† that is now estimated at 100 times the size of Texas. Many of these long-lasting pieces wind up in the stomachs of marine birds and animals. This results in obstruction of digestive pathways which leads to reduced appetite or even starvation.Many chemicals undergo reactive decay or chemically change especially over long periods of time in groundwater reservoirs. A noteworthy class of such chemicals is the chlorinated hydrocarbons such as trichloroethylene (used in industrial metal degreasing and electronics manufacturing) and tetrachloroethylene used in the dry cleaning industry (note latest advances in liquid carbon dioxide in dry cleaning that avoids al l use of chemicals). Both of these chemicals, which are carcinogens themselves, undergo partial decomposition reactions, leading to new hazardous chemicals (including dichloroethylene and vinyl chloride).Groundwater pollution is much more difficult to abate than surface pollution because groundwater can move great distances through unseen aquifers. Non-porous aquifers such as clays partially purify water of bacteria by simple filtration (adsorption and absorption), dilution, and, in some cases, chemical reactions and biological activity: however, in some cases, the pollutants merely transform to soil contaminants. Groundwater that moves through cracks and caverns is not filtered and can be transported as easily as surface water.In fact, this can be aggravated by the human tendency to use natural sinkholes as dumps in areas of Karst topography. There are a variety of secondary effects stemming not from the original pollutant, but a derivative condition. An example is silt-bearing surface runoff, which ca n inhibit the penetration of sunlight through the water column, hampering photosynthesis in aquatic plants. [edit] Measurement of water pollution Environmental Scientists preparing water autosamplers. Water pollution may be analyzed through several broad categories of methods: physical, chemical and biological.Most involve collection of samples, followed by specialized analytical tests. Some methods may be conducted in situ, without sampling, such as temperature. Government agencies and research organizations have published standardized, validated analytical test methods to facilitate the comparability of results from disparate testing events. [19] [edit] Sampling Sampling of water for physical or chemical testing can be done by several methods, depending on the accuracy needed and the characteristics of the contaminant. Many contamination events are sharply restricted in time, most commonly in association with rain events. For this reason â€Å"grab† samples are often inadequate for fully quantifying contaminant levels. Scientists gathering this type of data often employ auto-sampler devices that pump increments of water at either time or discharge intervals. Sampling for biological testing involves collection of plants and/or animals from the surface water body. Depending on the type of assessment, the organisms may be identified for biosurveys (population counts) and returned to the water body, or they may be dissected for bioassays to determine toxicity. [edit] Physical testingCommon physical tests of water include temperature, solids concentration like total suspended solids (TSS) and turbidity. [edit] Chemical testing See also: water chemistry analysis and environmental chemistry Water samples may be examined using the principles of analytical chemistry. Many published test methods are available for both organic and inorganic compounds. Frequently used methods include pH, biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), nutrients (nitrate and phosphorus compounds), metals (including copper, zinc, cadmium, lead and mercury), oil and grease, total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH), and pesticide How to cite Water Pollution Is the Contamination of Water Bodies, Papers

ShakespeareS Macbeth Essays - Characters In Macbeth,

Shakespeare'S Macbeth Shireen Owlia Ms. Fisher English IV ? 5 14 November 2001 A Woman Before Her Time During the Elizabethan era, a woman did not have any say in the relationship with her husband, but Shakespeare's Macbeth changes this accepted theory. Lady Macbeth is a woman ahead of her time; she is caught between today's ambitious, powerful woman and a fragile, powerless creature of the Elizabethan era. At the beginning of this tragedy, she is vicious, overly ambitious, without conscience, and willing to do whatever it takes to get what she wants. As Macbeth becomes less dependent on his wife, Lady Macbeth loses control of her husband, but mostly of herself. She is so wrapped up in the greedy world Shakespeare creates that she fails to consider the consequences of her actions more realistically. Lady Macbeth lives as if she is a woman ahead of her tiime, but she dies like she is from the ?golden age of drama?. Initially, Lady Macbeth is introduced as a dominant, controlling, heartless wife with the ambition to achieve kingship for her husband. These words are characteristics of today's woman. She does not let her husband run her life, but instead, a modern woman seeks the best for both herself and her husband. This weak, unsure, and unstable condition of Lady Macbeth, which is only revealed towards the end of the play, displays the characteristics of a woman from the Elizabethan times. However, the audience begins to see hints of this hidden nature by the way Macbeth addresses her. The first time Lady Macbeth appears on stage, she is reading Macbeth's letter, which shows her desire to become Queen of Scotland. Lady Macbeth reads, ?This have I thought good to deliver thee, my dearest partner of greatness; that thou mightst not lose the dues of rejoicing, by being ignorant of what greatness is promised thee? (I.5.10-13). This portion of her husband's letter shows she has trained him to report the important events that occur while he is away. At this moment, she decides that quick action will be the basis of her reasoning and planning. Her spur-of-the-moment orders will affect Macbeth so deeply that his character will be forever changed. Lady Macbeth intentionally tries to ignore consequence and concentrates on securing Macbeth's future as king of Scotland. She looks to the quickest way as one that may lack rationality, but shortens their path to the throne. Lady Macbeth has been the authority icon for Macbeth, yet deep down, she never carried such traits to begin with. Because Lady Macbeth is a woman, she does not have the strength in her female heart, body or mind to carry out the deed of killing the King. Therefore, she calls upon the aid of the supernatural to give her male powers, so that she may have the audacity to go through with the plan to murder the King and allow Macbeth to obtain the throne. ?Women have always been considered as the gentler and fair sex. Lady Macbeth feels that to commit this crime, she must become as cruel as she believes men are. She calls for the spirits to unsex her, so she may act as a man would? (Lenz, 238). Although Lady Macbeth is unstable and vulnerable at the end of Act I, she uses dramatic analogies to persuade her husband to follow through with the first murder: ?I have given suck, and know how tender 'tis to love the babe that milks me: I would, while it was smiling in my face, have pluck'd my nipple from his boneless gums, and dash'd the brains out, had I so sworn as you have done to this (I.7.54-59). By h earing a woman who seems to be fearless of his anxieties, Macbeth is soothed. Lady Macbeth knows her husband is a strong person, and she knows she must seem stronger in order to convince him to go along with her plans. Lady Macbeth imagines that she has the ability to hide her true emotions, though her mind is as frail as an ?egg?. She claims that she can act to look like a flower that is innocent, but be a serpent in disguise. After the murder is plotted between the two, Duncan decides